函数
定义函数
1 2 3 4 5 def greet_user (): """显示简单的问候语""" print ("Hello!" ) greet_user()
Hello!
1 2 3 4 5 def greet_user (username ): """显示简单的问候语""" print ("Hello, " + username.title() + "!" ) greet_user("gun" )
Hello, Gun!
形参和实参
传递实参
位置实参(基于实参的顺序 将函数调用中的每个实参都关联到函数定义中的一个形参)
关键字实参(是传递给函数的名称—值对 )
默认值(编写函数时,可给每个形参指定默认值)
文档字符串
它的首行简述函数功能,第二行空行,第三行为函数的具体描述
你可以使用 __doc__
(注意都是双下划线)调用函数中的文档字符串属性(如下)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 def describe_pet (animal_type, pet_name ): """显示宠物的信息""" print ("\nI have a " + animal_type + "." ) print ("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + "." ) describe_pet('hamster' , 'harry' ) describe_pet('williea' , 'dog' ) describe_pet('dog' , 'willie' ) print (describe_pet.__doc__)
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is Harry.
I have a williea.
My williea's name is Dog.
I have a dog.
My dog's name is Willie.
显示宠物的信息
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 def describe_pet (animal_type, pet_name ): """显示宠物的信息""" print ("\nI have a " + animal_type + "." ) print ("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + "." ) describe_pet(pet_name='harry' , animal_type='hamster' )
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is Harry.
1 2 3 4 5 6 def describe_pet (animal_type, pet_name='willie' ): """显示宠物的信息""" print ("\nI have a " + animal_type + "." ) print ("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + "." ) describe_pet('dog' )
I have a dog.
My dog's name is Willie.
注意:
Python依然将这个实参视为位置实参,因此如果函数调用中只包含宠物的名字,这个实参将关联到函数
定义中的第一个形参
简单来说,使用默认值时视为位置实参
,有默认值的形参全部需放在后面
另外:由于显式地给animal_type提供了实参,因此Python会将忽略这个形参的默认值
1 2 3 4 5 6 def describe_pet (animal_type, pet_name ): """显示宠物的信息""" print ("\nI have a " + animal_type + "." ) print ("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + "." ) describe_pet()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[32], line 6
4 print("\nI have a " + animal_type + ".")
5 print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title() + ".")
----> 6 describe_pet()
TypeError: describe_pet() missing 2 required positional arguments: 'animal_type' and 'pet_name'
返回值
返回简单值
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 def get_formatted_name (first_name, last_name ): """返回整洁的姓名""" full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name print ("Hello" ) return full_name.title() musician = get_formatted_name('jimi' , 'hendrix' ) print (musician)
Hello
Jimi Hendrix
让实参变成可选的
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 def get_formatted_name (first_name, last_name, middle_name='' ): """返回整洁的姓名""" if middle_name: full_name = first_name + ' ' + middle_name + ' ' + last_name else : full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name return full_name.title() musician = get_formatted_name('jimi' , 'hendrix' ) print (musician) musician = get_formatted_name('john' , 'hooker' , 'lee' ) print (musician)
Jimi Hendrix
John Lee Hooker
返回字典
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 def build_person (first_name, last_name, age='' ,job='' ): """返回一个字典,其中包含有关一个人的信息""" first_name=first_name.title() last_name=last_name.title() person = {'first' : first_name, 'last' : last_name} if age: person['age' ] = age if job: person['job' ] = job return person musician = build_person('jimi' , 'hendrix' ,22 , 'doctor' ) print (musician)
{'first': 'Jimi', 'last': 'Hendrix', 'age': 22, 'job': 'doctor'}
结合使用函数和 while 循环
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 def get_formatted_name (first_name, last_name ): """返回整洁的姓名""" full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name return full_name.title() while True : print ("\nPlease tell me your name:" ) f_name = input ("First name: " ) l_name = input ("Last name: " ) formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name, l_name) print ("\nHello, " + formatted_name + "!" ) answer = input ("Would you like to continue?" ) if answer == "no" : break
Please tell me your name:
First name: 芊
Last name: 芊 龍
Hello, 芊 芊 龍!
Would you like to continue? no
传递列表
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 def greet_users (names ): """向列表中的每位用户都发出简单的问候""" for name in names: msg = "Hello, " + name.title() + "!" print (msg) usernames = ['hannah' , 'ty' , 'margot' ] greet_users(usernames)
Hello, Hannah!
Hello, Ty!
Hello, Margot!
在函数中修改列表
禁止函数修改列表
每个函数都应只负责一项具体的工作
要将列表的副本传递给函数
function_name(list_name[:])
比如print_models(unprinted_designs[:], completed_models)
切片表示法[:]创建列表的副本
传递任意数量的实参
1 2 3 4 5 6 def make_pizza (*toppings ): """打印顾客点的所有配料""" print (toppings) make_pizza('pepperoni' ) make_pizza('mushrooms' , 'green peppers' , 'extra cheese' )
('pepperoni',)
('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
星号让Python创建一个名为toppings的空元组,并将收到的所有值都封装到这个元组中
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 def make_pizza (*toppings ): """概述要制作的比萨""" print ("\nMaking a pizza with the following toppings:" ) for topping in toppings: print ("- " + topping) make_pizza('pepperoni' ) make_pizza('mushrooms' , 'green peppers' , 'extra cheese' )
Making a pizza with the following toppings:
- pepperoni
Making a pizza with the following toppings:
- mushrooms
- green peppers
- extra cheese
使用任意数量的关键字实参
结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参
Python先匹配位置实参和关键字实参,再将余下的实参都收集到最后一个形参中
使用任意数量的关键字实参
形参**user_info中的两个星号让Python创建一个名为user_info的空字典
两个键—值对
(location='princeton’和field=‘physics’),
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 def make_pizza (size, *toppings ): """概述要制作的比萨""" print ("\nMaking a " + str (size) + "-inch pizza with the following toppings:" ) for topping in toppings: print ("- " + topping) make_pizza(16 , 'pepperoni' ) make_pizza(12 , 'mushrooms' , 'green peppers' , 'extra cheese' )
Making a 16-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- pepperoni
Making a 12-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- mushrooms
- green peppers
- extra cheese
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 def make_pizza (size, *toppings ): """概述要制作的比萨""" print ("\nMaking a " + str (size) + "-inch pizza with the following toppings:" ) for topping in toppings: print ("- " + topping) make_pizza(16 , 'pepperoni' ) make_pizza(12 , 'mushrooms' , 'green peppers' , 'extra cheese' )
Making a 16-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- pepperoni
Making a 12-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- mushrooms
- green peppers
- extra cheese
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 def build_profile (first, last, **user_info ): """创建一个字典,其中包含我们知道的有关用户的一切""" profile = {} profile['first_name' ] = first profile['last_name' ] = last for key, value in user_info.items(): profile[key] = value return profile user_profile = build_profile('albert' , 'einstein' , location='princeton' , field='physics' ) print (user_profile)
{'first_name': 'albert', 'last_name': 'einstein', 'location': 'princeton', 'field': 'physics'}
编写函数时,你可以以各种方式混合使用位置实参、关键字实参和任意数量的实参
模块
函数的优点之一是,使用它们可将代码块与主程序分离
模块是扩展名为 .py 的文件,包含要导入到程序中的代码
import module_name
导入整个模块或py文件 module_name.function_name()
from module_name import function_name
from module_name import function_0, function_1, function_2
导入特定的函数 function_name()
from module_name import function_name as fn
使用as给函数指定别名 fn()
import module_name as mn
使用 as 给模块指定别名 mn.function_name()
import module_name import *
导入模块中的所有函数 function_name()
函数编写指南
给形参指定默认值时,等号两边不要有空格:
def function_name(parameter_0, parameter_1=‘default value’)
对于函数调用中的关键字实参,也应遵循这种约定:
function_name(value_0, parameter_1=‘value’)
形参过多可以使用缩减对齐
所有的import语句都应放在文件开头,唯一例外的情形是,在文件开头使用了注释来描述整个程序
应给函数指定描述性名称,且只在其中使用小写字母和下划线。描述性名称可帮助你和别人明白代码想要做什么。给模块命名时也应遵循上述约定